By Mark Shwartz
Prairie dogs, once abundant in the Rocky Mountains and Great Plains, have been decimated in recent decades by plague – a virulent bacterial disease spread by fleas. Plague outbreaks periodically sweep through large prairie dog towns with thousands of inhabitants, killing virtually the entire population within months. Other prairie dogs move in and build a new colony, which eventually is wiped out when the disease returns. This pattern of re-colonization followed by devastation can occur over many years. The question for scientists is how does plague persist after a colony has been wiped out?
"A fundamental question in disease ecology is what happens to pathogens in between the periods when they cause all of this devastation," said James Holland Jones, an associate professor of anthropology and a center fellow at the Woods Institute for the Environment at Stanford University.
"Previous studies have suggested some sort of magical reservoir for the plague pathogen," Jones said. "Maybe it gets into the soil and infects the re-colonized prairie dog town. Or perhaps it's carried in by some carnivore. Who knows?"
Jones and his colleagues may have finally solved this longstanding mystery. The likely culprit, they say, is the grasshopper mouse, a carnivorous rodent that carries plague-infected fleas across the rigid territorial boundaries separating isolated family groups within the prairie dog colony. "We found that when grasshopper mouse density gets high enough, you get an epizootic – the animal equivalent of an epidemic – and virtually all of the prairie dogs die," Jones explained.
This finding, published in the July 26 online edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, could have significant implications for understanding how infectious diseases spread in animals and humans.
"Plague, a disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis and the causative agent of Black Death that killed 200 million Europeans in the 14th century, arrived in the United States via San Francisco around 1900 and still infects people worldwide," Jones said.
A number of other deadly human diseases – like hantavirus, Ebola and anthrax – show the same pattern of decimating communities, disappearing and coming back years later, said Daniel Salkeld, a Stanford postdoctoral scholar and lead author of the study.
"A key element to their control and eradication is understanding where they persist in the latent phase and identifying the conditions that result in sporadic epidemics," Salkeld said.
The research team focused on black-tailed prairie dogs, one of five prairie dog species whose populations have dwindled over the past century because of habitat destruction, extermination and plague.
Tracking infectious diseases in prairie dogs is challenging. The burrowing rodents live in complex underground communities largely hidden from view.
"Prairie dogs are highly social ground squirrels that occupy colonies, or towns, which can extend for 500 acres and comprise 5,000 individuals or more," Salkeld said. "While the town provides a defense against predators, individual prairie dogs are highly territorial."
Prairie dogs live in small family groups, known as coteries, which they defend vigorously. A large prairie dog town may have 1,000 coteries. Together, they form a grid of small, isolated territories within the town, Jones added.
"The coteries are spread out almost lattice-like," he said. "That has implications for infectious disease transmission. Each coterie has only a few neighbors. Because prairie dogs don't venture outside their territories, they can only infect their immediate neighbors. This territoriality limits the rate of disease propagation through the prairie dog town."
Plague is not transmitted directly; it is carried by fleas. For the disease to spread across an entire prairie dog town, infected fleas must find a host that can freely travel from coterie to coterie. That's where the tiny grasshopper mouse comes in.
