Scientists Discover Mechanism That Enables Bacteria to Elude Antibiotics

This is a model of the behavior of a bacterial colony of Salmonella enterica due to the presence of antibiotics. Courtesy of UAB
 
The Molecular Microbiology Research Group in the Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (UAB)'s Department of Genetics and Microbiology describes for the first time, in a work published in PLOSone, a model of behavior of a bacterial colony that shows how the colony protects itself against toxic substances, like antibiotics, during the colonization process.

The researchers have determined that alteration of the equilibrium between two proteins of Salmonella enterica in the presence of antibiotics leads to the disorganization of the structures that allow the population to spread, which in turn stops the progress of the cells in the bacterial colony that are nearest to harmful concentrations of antibiotic, while the rest spread into areas with lower concentrations.

Bacterial populations move over surfaces in coordinated way known as swarming, which allows them to spread further over organs and tissues and increases the virulence of the infection. This movement is driven by the action of the flagella and the chemoreceptors, the systems responsible for identifying chemical compounds in the environment and which are anchored at the poles of their cells, forming highly organized structures, of which the protein CheW forms part.

The researchers have shown that activation of the SOS system, a cellular response in the bacteria in the presence of antibiotics, causes an increase in the concentration of the protein RecA, which interferes with the distribution of the CheW protein by altering the organization of the chemoreceptors and stopping the swarming movement.

The imbalance between the concentrations of these two proteins makes the bacterial colony avoid any areas of the surface they are colonizing that present harmful concentrations of antibiotic, stopping the swarming movement in the regions nearest to the drug and allowing the colonization of the rest of the area.

The molecular balance between the RecA and CheW proteins is therefore seen to be crucial to the organization of the chemoreceptors in the cells of the bacteria and so to their colonizing movement.

This work also shows that if the dose of antibiotic in that area is reduced to non-harmful levels, the drop in the concentration of RecA and the re-establishment of equilibrium with CheW allows the chemoreceptors to be structured once more, restoring the swarming movement and, as a result, the colonization of that area.

In the words of the researchers, the results show clearly that the bacterial populations move over the surfaces using specific mechanisms like that described in this work, in order to avoid contact with the compounds that damage their DNA.

Salmonella enterica is member of a bacterial group that includes several pathogenic species responsible for diseases in the digestive and respiratory system, such as septicemia and systemic infections.

The work opens the door to the design of new compounds that can neutralize this bacterial strategy, which reduces the efficiency of treatment with antibiotics.

Source: Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona