Norovirus Vaccine Reduces Symptoms of Illness by More than Half, Research Shows

An investigational vaccine appears generally well tolerated and effective against the most common strain of norovirus, reducing the main symptoms of the gastrointestinal (GI) infection, vomiting and/or diarrhea, by 52 percent, suggests research being presented at IDWeek 2013.

Currently, there is no treatment or cure for norovirus, the most common cause of severe GI infection in the United States. Norovirus is highly contagious. Significant outbreaks occur in health care facilities, childcare centers and other places where people are in close quarters, including in the military and on cruise ships. Each year, 19 million to 21 million Americans one in 15 are infected and as many as 800 die, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). In addition, one recent evaluation reports that the overall cost of the disease in the United States is $5.5 billion annually.

Norovirus truly is a global issue and most if not everyone has experienced it to some degree, says David I. Bernstein, MD, MA, professor of pediatrics at Cincinnati Childrens Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati and lead author of the study. The results of our study are promising and our next step is to test this vaccine in a real-world setting.

The randomized, multi-center study included 98 people who agreed to drink water containing a significant dose of the virus, 50 who received the injected vaccine and 48 who received a placebo injection that did not contain the vaccine. Neither the participants nor the researchers knew in advance who received the vaccine and who did not. In the vaccine group, 26 (52 percent) were infected, as were 29 (60 percent) of those in the non-vaccine group. In people who received the vaccine, 10 (20 percent) suffered from mild, moderate or severe vomiting and/or diarrhea versus 20 (42 percent) in the non-vaccine group, a 52 percent reduction in symptoms.

The vaccine targets two genotypes of norovirus: GI.1 and GII.4, the latter of which is now the leading cause of outbreaks in the United States.

Norovirus can spread from person to person through infected food or water or contaminated surfaces. The best prevention is proper hand washing, but the virus is so contagious that people can become ill even from contact with viral particles in the air. Not everyone who is exposed to norovirus becomes infected and of those who are infected, not everyone gets sick, says Bernstein. But it nonetheless is very common, and can be serious, particularly for children and older adults.

If the vaccine continues to prove as effective as our initial results indicate, it could be used for specific populations or situations in those at a higher risk of severe disease such as the elderly or at high risk for infection or transmission such as in day care, people going on a cruise, those in nursing homes or in the military, says Bernstein. Or it could be offered to everyone, since all of us are exposed at one time or another.

Co-authors of the study, sponsored by Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, are Robert L. Atmar, MD and David Y. Graham, MD, Baylor College of Medicine; G. Marshal Lyon, MD, MMSc, Emory University School of Medicine; John J. Treanor, MD, University of Rochester Medical Center; Wilbur H. Chen, MD, MS, University of Maryland School of Medicine; Robert W Frenck, MD and Xi Jiang PhD, Cincinnati Childrens Hospital Medical Center; Jan Vinjé, PhD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Mohamed S. AL-Ibrahim, MD, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories; Jill Barrett, MPH, The EMMES Corp.; Charles Richardson, PhD, Robert Goodwin, PhD, Astrid Borkowski, MD, PhD, Ralf Clemens, MD, PhD, and Paul M. Mendelman, MD, Takeda Vaccines.

IDWeek 2013 is an annual meeting of the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA), the HIV Medicine Association (HIVMA) and the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society (PIDS). With the theme Advancing Science, Improving Care, IDWeek features the latest science and bench-to-bedside approaches in prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and epidemiology of infectious diseases, including HIV, across the lifespan.