Novel Mechanism Discovered in First Line of Immune Defense

Scientists from the Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN) have discovered a new defense mechanism that the immune system utilizes to combat infections. The teams discovery of how a novel protein unexpectedly activates an immune response shows how this mechanism can also be used to get rid of tumor cells. This research was done in collaboration with University Hospital Basel, Switzerland, published in July 2013 in Nature Immunology.
 
The immune system combats microbes using several strategies, of which early activation of defense is one of the most important. The mechanisms used by the immune system to counterattack microbes often rely on the immediate recognition of microbes, or of cells that have been affected by the infection of microbes.
 
The team at SIgN led by Gennaro De Libero has identified a novel mechanism of how the immune system readily detects invading microbes and effectively initiates early immune responses, by activating a special class of cells called gamma delta lymphocytes. Gamma delta lymphocytes were discovered more than 30 years ago and had been identified as cells that are capable of early protection as they play a decisive role in the first line of immune defense. However, many studies into discovering the mechanisms of how these cells are activated when microbes attack have been unfruitful.
 
The teams discovery of a protein called Butyrophilin 3A1 shows how it binds to microbial antigens and hence activates human gamma delta cells. These cells are then able to coordinate an immune response to clear the infection caused by invading microbes.

This protein has also been found to bind antigens that are produced in large amounts in tumor cells, which then activates gamma delta cells against these tumor cells. The discovery of this mechanism thus represents a novel target that will help to eradicate tumors and combat infections.
 
De Libero notes, The identification of the molecular mechanisms of how human gamma delta cells get activated opens doors to novel opportunities for immunotherapy of infections and tumors.

Philippe Kourilsky, chairman of SIgN, says,  This study is a breakthrough in immunology and also an excellent example of basic science as an important premise to medicine.