Antibiotic Resistance Among HAIs is Much Greater Than Prior CDC Estimates

The rise of antibiotic resistance among healthcare-acquired infections (HAIs) is greater than the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) found in its 2008 analysis, according to an ahead-of-print article in the journal, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

The article also finds that the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) promise to "reboot" antibiotic development rules a year ago to combat the rise in resistance has fallen short.

The commentary, whose authors include Brad Spellberg, MD, a Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center (LA BioMed) infectious disease specialist, analyzed privately gathered data and concluded antibiotic resistance among hospital-acquired infections is "at crisis levels." The FDA's "reboot" pledge to encourage the development of new antibiotics to battle this resistance "cannot come too soon" but "will not be enough," the authors conclude.

"With antibiotic-resistant microbes infecting more than 2 million Americans every year and killing more than 100,000 annually, we must act to find new weapons in the global battle against deadly Superbugs," says Spellberg. "Our analysis found the rise in antibiotic resistance among three common forms of hospital-acquired infections is much greater than previously reported by the CDC based on older data, leading us to conclude that more than an FDA 'reboot' is needed. To encourage antibiotic development, the pharmaceutical industry must see that there is a path for a return on its investment in antibiotic development."

The authors found "very positive aspects" in the FDA's most recent guidance for antibacterial therapies for patients with unmet medical needs. But they said the FDA's approach to the development of antibacterials in traditional indications, such as pneumonia and urinary tract infections, "has been mixed."

Their findings on the rise on antibiotic resistance among hospital-acquired infections include:

- The resistance for acinetobacter (A. baumannii) to carbapenems is more than 50 percent. The CDC found it to be 11 percent. Carbapenems are among the last available antibiotics. If they don't work, only one or two other drugs are left to battle these infections. Neither is very effective, and one is highly toxic.
 
- The resistance among E. coli to third-generation cephalosporins was 8 percent to 11 percent. The CDC found it to be 5 percent.
 
- The resistance to klebsiella (K. pneumonia) to third generation cephalosporins was 20-27 percent. The CDC found it to be 15 percent. Resistance to carbapenems among these isolates is now between 7 percent and 11 percent.
 
- Carbapenems are already obsolete for a common intensive care unit infection, Acinetobacter baumannii. "This holds true for both intensive care and non-intensive care patients and for urinary and non-urinary infections," the commentary says.

"None of the antibiotics under development today can address all of these antibiotic-resistant infections," says Spellberg. "A complete overhaul of the approaches to resistance, disease and prevention could change the continuing upward trajectory of antibiotic resistant infections. To do anything less invites a bleak post-antibiotic future, in which infectious diseases once again reign supreme."

The commentary will appear in an upcoming issue of Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. The other authors are David M. Shlaes, MD, PhD; Dan Sahm, PhD, and Carol Opiela.