Antibacterial Protein's Molecular Workings Revealed

On the front lines of our defenses against bacteria is the protein calprotectin, which starves invading pathogens of metal nutrients.
 
Vanderbilt investigators now report new insights to the workings of calprotectin including a detailed structural view of how it binds the metal manganese. Their findings, published online before print in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, could guide efforts to develop novel antibacterials that limit a microbes access to metals.
 
The increasing resistance of bacteria to existing antibiotics poses a severe threat to public health, and new therapeutic strategies to fight these pathogens are needed. The idea of starving bacteria of metal nutrients is appealing, said Eric Skaar, PhD, MPH, associate professor of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology.
 
In a series of previous studies, Skaar, Walter Chazin, PhD, and Richard Caprioli, PhD, demonstrated that calprotectin is highly expressed by host immune cells at sites of infection. They showed that calprotectin inhibits bacterial growth by mopping up the manganese and zinc that bacteria need for replication.
 
Now, the researchers have identified the structural features of calprotectins two metal binding sites and demonstrated that manganese binding is key to its antibacterial action.
 
Calprotectin is a member of the family of S100 calcium-binding proteins, which Chazin, professor of Biochemistry and Chemistry, has studied for many years. Chazin and postdoctoral fellow Steven Damo, PhD, used existing structural data from other S100 family members to zero in on calprotectins two metal binding sites. Then, they selectively mutated one site or the other.
 
They discovered that calprotectin with mutations in one of the two sites still bound both zinc and manganese, but calprotectin with mutations in the other site only bound zinc.
 
The researchers recognized that these modified calprotectins especially the one that could no longer bind manganese would be useful tools for determining the importance of manganese binding to calprotectins functions, Chazin noted.
 
Thomas Kehl-Fie, PhD, a postdoctoral fellow in Skaars group, used these altered calprotectins to demonstrate that the proteins ability to bind manganese is required for full inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus growth. The investigators also showed that Staph bacteria require manganese for a certain process the bacteria use to protect themselves from reactive oxygen species.
 
These altered calprotectin proteins were key to being able to tease apart the importance of the individual metals zinc and manganese to the bacterium as a whole and to metal-dependent processes within the bacteria, Skaar says. Theyre really powerful tools.
 
Skaar explained that calprotectin likely binds two different metals to increase the range of bacteria that it inhibits. The investigators tested the modified calprotectins against a panel of medically important bacterial pathogens.
 
Bacteria have different metal needs, Skaar says. Some bacteria are more sensitive to the zinc-binding properties of calprotectin, and others are more sensitive to the manganese-binding properties.
 
To fully understand how calprotectin binds manganese, Damo and Chazin with assistance from Günter Fritz, PhD, at the University of Freiburg in Germany produced calprotectin crystals with manganese bound and determined the protein structure. They found that manganese slips into a position where it interacts with six histidine amino acids of calprotectin.
 
Its really beautiful; no ones ever seen a protein chelate (bind) manganese like this, Chazin said.Its really beautiful; no ones ever seen a protein chelate (bind) manganese like this, Chazin says.
 
The structure explains why calprotectin is the only S100 family member that binds manganese and has the strongest antimicrobial action, and it may allow researchers to design a calprotectin that only binds manganese (not zinc). Such a tool would be useful for studying why bacteria require manganese and then targeting those microbial processes in new therapeutic strategies, Chazin and Skaar note.
 
We do not know all of the processes within Staph that require manganese; we just know if they dont have it, they die, Skaar says. If we can discover the proteins in Staph that require manganese the things that are required for growth then we can target those proteins.
 
The team recently was awarded a five-year, $2 million grant from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (AI101171) to advance their studies of calprotectin and how it works to limit bacterial infections and in other inflammatory conditions.
 
Nature stumbled onto an interesting antimicrobial strategy, Chazin says. Our goal is to really tease apart the importance of metal binding to all of calprotectins different roles and to take advantage of our findings to design new antibacterial agents.
 
The research was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (CA009582, HL094296, AI091771, AI069233, AI073843, GM062122). Skaar holds the Ernest W. Goodpasture Chair in Pathology; Chazin holds the Chancellors Chair in Biochemistry and Chemistry and is director of the Vanderbilt Center for Structural Biology.